The Differences Which the Regions of New England and...

Although the New England and Chesapeake regions of the United States were both settled by the English in the 1600s, they developed into two very different communities based mainly on their geographical location and religious devotion. Unlike their European rivals, the English founded colonies in North America. Settlers in the Chesapeake region used force to take possession of Indian lands. The Chesapeake region of the colonies included Virginia, Maryland, the New Jerseys and Pennsylvania. In 1607, Jamestown (the first English colony in the New World) was founded by a group of settlers along the James River. And because the colony was near water, the Pilgrims had a great advantage. They created a society that was full of companies†¦show more content†¦The population was majority black-slaves and with the downfall in the tobacco industry, plantation owners relied on them to become their own indentured servants. New England was north of the Chesapeake, and included Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Haven (which soon became part of Connecticut). The New Englanders were largely Puritan Separatists, who sought religious freedom. They came in large groups, or families, bringing with them their children and servants because they wanted to permanently settle in America without returning to England. When the Church of England separated from Catholicism under Henry VIII, Protestantism flourished in England. Some Protestants, however, wanted complete separation from Catholicism and looked to Calvinism. These â€Å"Separatists,† along with the Catholics who had not joined the Church of England, came to New England in hopes of finding this religious freedom where they would be free to have their own beliefs. The farms that they had been left with were much smaller and less productive. The farmers were in need of more land, and they had to fight with Indians o ver land rights. This had led to Bacon’s Rebellion of 1676. Although the rebellion was not successful, it was one of the major economic and political developments in the American colonies. New England settlers reproduced much of England’s economy, with only minor variations. They did not investShow MoreRelatedDifferences in Development between the Chesapeake Regions and New England 1555 Words   |  7 PagesDifferences in Development between the Chesapeake Regions and New England The seventeenth and early eighteenth century, brought thousands of immigrants to America in pursuit of freedom and a new life. Some desired freedom from religious persecution, others wanted a chance to be free from the poverty that ensnared them in England Thus the American colonies were formed. Although the colonies were all united under British rule, they eventually separated into various regions including the ChesapeakeRead MoreDifferences Between New England And Chesapeake Colonies1276 Words   |  6 Pagesfindings of new created much curiosity in Europe to explore and conquer new lands in order to expand their empire. In the early 1600’s a surge of motivation to explore and settle new colonies came over England. The Result of this was the New England and Chesapeake colonies, who were both settled by immigrants from England. Many people decided they needed to escape England due to religious persecution and poverty. Hundreds of families, men, women, and their children, cam e in search of a New World whereRead MoreEssay Chesapeake Vs. New England Colonies763 Words   |  4 Pages Today, the United States of America is a very racially and religiously diverse society. We saw the seeds of diversity being sown in the early days of colonization when the Chesapeake and New England colonies grew into distinctive societies. Even though both regions were primarily English, they had similarities as well as striking differences. The differentiating characteristics among the Chesapeake and New England colonies developed due to geography, religion, and motives for colonial expansionRead MoreEssay about Colonization In America1894 Words   |  8 PagesEngland began colonizing America in the 1600s, when religious and political dissenters of the changes imposed by the Stuart monarchy launched one of the largest migrations in written history Ââ€" The Great Migration Ââ€" in search of a new life free from persecution and open to numerous employment opportunities. Each emigrant brought with him/her a blueprint in his mind of recreating the culture he left behind, yet, by 17 00, the regions of New England and the Chesapeake region had evolved into two distinctRead More Comparing Chesapeake and New England Bay Colonies Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Chesapeake and New England Bay Colonies Curiosity and bravery led the English to discover the nations of America. These strong willed Europeans, determined to find to a new world, set out with high hopes and ambitions. Settling a variety of colonies along the coast of North America, the English were among the first true pioneers. After several expeditions and ships loads of emigrants, the English had a divergence of reasons for departing Europe for America. The settlers of theRead MoreChesapeake Life in the 17th Century1363 Words   |  6 Pages1st 9/24/12 Chapter 4 Questions 1. What were a few of the notable characteristics of Chesapeake life in the seventeenth century? Some of the notable characteristics of Chesapeake life in the seventeenth century were that most of the population of early Chesapeake was killed because of diseases like malaria, dysentery, and typhoid. These diseases cut 10 years from the life expectancy of new settlers from England. Another characteristic is that women were severely outnumbered by men; therefore, itRead MoreThe Colonization Of America, Australia And Antarctica1054 Words   |  5 Pagesstrong family ties. The Natives had different values than the Europeans. As the Europeans settled creating new colonies, such as New England, New York, New France, the Spanish Southwest, and Chesapeake, these differences built both new alliances and started bitter conflicts between both groups. On November of 1620, the first European colonists arrived to establish a Plymouth Colony in New England. Yet during their first winter, half of these colonists died, due to starvation and the cold. Then as springRead MoreAp Exam Essays1660 Words   |  7 PagesEssays 1. In what ways did ideas and values held by Puritans influence the political, economic, and social development of the New England colonies from 1630 through the 1660s? 2. Analyze the political, diplomatic, and military reasons for the United States victory in the Revolutionary War. Confine your answer to the period 1775–1783. 3. Analyze the ways in which controversy over the extension of slavery into western territories contributed to the coming of the Civil War. Confine your answerRead MoreThe New England And Chesapeake Colonies1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe people of the New England and Chesapeake colonies, although came from the same people, turned into very different cultures. For example, in New England, Puritanism was favored while in the Chesapeake region Christianity was practiced. Often times, religion would dictate a certain peoples way of life. Although both religions were strict, both had different ideas. Also, there were disagreements that occurred between the people within a colony. Many other ways of life were established in each ofRead MoreEssay Review Questions4116 Words   |  17 Pagesexplorers to look west across the Atlantic? The European conquest of America began as an offshoot of the quest for a sea route to India, China, and the islands of the East Indies, the source of the silk, tea, spices, porcelain, and other luxury goods on which international trade in the early modern era centered. Profit and piety-the desire to eliminate Islamic middlemen and win control of the lucrative trade for Christian Western Europe-combined to inspire the quest for a direct route to Asia. Long before

Importance Of Diversity And Inclusion - 1793 Words

Diversity and Inclusion Diversity and Inclusion is a field within Human Resources that focuses on ensuring the cultural sensitivity as well as the cultural inclusion within an organization (RBC, n.d.). More specifically, diversity is both including and respecting differences of ethnicity, gender, age, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, education, and religion (RBC, n.d.). As where Inclusion is the state of being valued, respected, and supported regardless of what diverse background you are from (RBC, n.d.). One metaphor to further understand the difference between the two is: Diversity is being asked to the party, inclusion is being asked to dance with everyone. If you google â€Å"Diversity and Inclusion,† the first few†¦show more content†¦Diversity and Inclusion at ParentJobNet ParentJobNet is a nonprofit organization founded in 2004, which has the mission to â€Å"educate, prepare, connect and empower public school parents with the programs and services they need for job readiness, job connection and financial security (ParentJobNet, n.d.). Through targeted classes, workshops, networking events, career counseling, and job placements ParentJobNet serve the community and strengthen families (ParentJobNet, n.d.).† The founder of ParentJobNet is a Biracial (Black and Asian) woman by the name of Patricia Craddick, who created the agency because she was a New York City public school mother who noticed the need that mothers in the area had for support and job resources that would enable them to enter or reenter the job market (ParentJobNet, n.d.). As where Craddick has verbally expressed the desire to expand her efforts throughout the rest of the state of New York, and potentially the United States, currently ParentJobNet is focused on the East Harlem community (ParentJobNet, n.d.). According to a 2010 U.S. Census report, the racial makeup of the East Harlem community is as follows: â€Å"6.8% (3,936) White, 35.5% (20,625) African American, 0.2% (128) NativeShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Promoting Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Schools1032 Words   |  5 PagesThe follow assessment will have a brief description of the importance of inclusion and inclusive practices in work with children and young people. And it also contains an exploration of how our own attitudes, values and behaviour may lead to that inclusive practice, how to challenge discrimination and how to promote some important anti-discriminatory and inclusive practices. First of all is important to define what is meant by inclusion and inclusive practice. Inclusive practice is a process ofRead MoreUnderstand the diversity of individuals with dementia and the importance of inclusion1716 Words   |  7 Pages4222-370] ( Written questions [Outcome 1] Understand the concept of diversity and its relevance to working with individuals who have dementia 1.1- explain what is meant by the terms †¢ diversity The Service Users i deliver care to are all different in many ways.This can be along the dimensions of gender, age, ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, physical abilities, political beliefs, religious beliefs or other ideologies. This means that i have to be aware of a person’sRead MoreUnit 4222-303 Promote equality and inclusion in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings Outcome 1: Understand the importance of diversity, equality and inclusion1112 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 4222-303 Promote equality and inclusion in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings Outcome 1: Understand the importance of diversity, equality and inclusion 1. Explain what is meant by: Diversity – In the literal sense the word ‘diversity’ means different. Through diversity we recognise the uniqueness of the individual and value these differences. Diversity can consist of factors which include personal characteristics such as background, culture, personality and work-styleRead MoreDiscrimination and Young People706 Words   |  3 Pages2010 Title Promote equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people 3 2 Assessment criteria The learner can: 1.1 Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity 1.2 Explain the importance of promoting the rights of all children and young people to participation and equality of access 1.3 Explain the importance and benefits of valuing and promoting cultural diversity in work with children and young peopleRead MoreQuestions on Diversity and Inclusions926 Words   |  4 PagesWhat are the dimensions of cultural diversity? There have been a variety of attempts to develop a concise definition or reliable classification of what is meant by cultural diversity for a number of decades. Although there is no universal system available for determining what cultural diversity is there are several reappearing characteristics that are used by many of the experts attempting to arrive at a recognized system (Fearon, 2003). The first generalized dimension used is the concept ofRead Morenvq 3 Principles of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings789 Words   |  3 PagesPrinciples of diversity, equality and inclusion in adult social care settings 1.1 Explain what is meant by a) Diversity Diversity means varied or different, so in a social care setting the importance of diversity means to recognise and respect the importance of people’s wishes and to treat them as individuals. b) Equality Equality means ensuring that everybody is entitled to equal rights and opportunities and therefore preventing discrimination. c) Inclusion Inclusion means to ensure thatRead MoreDiversity And Inclusion Are Critical Strategies For Any Organization1320 Words   |  6 PagesDiversity and inclusion are critical strategies for any organization that wants to be successful in business. Organizations cannot expect for diversity and inclusion to appear and work smoothly within the workplace automatically. Diversity and inclusion is a journey that companies must take to reap the rewards of being a truly global business. There are eight steps that organizations can apply to their workplace that will make diversity and inclusion a smooth and fun journey. Organizations can startRead MoreLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership876 Words   |  4 Pagesevaluation is made of the learner’s leadership characteristics and how they would enable the learner to better serve his community of professionals. The paper will also identify and evaluated the tenets of ethical leadership as well as those of diversity and inclusion in th e workplace. Select and identify one leadership theory or style that you believe best aligns with your own thoughts of what leadership means. You will use that theory or style to analyze your strengths and weaknesses. Describe theRead MoreThe Changing Composition Of Workforce And Values918 Words   |  4 PagesThe author Stephen Covey once said â€Å"Strength lies in differences, not in similarities.† This quote summarizes the importance of diversity and how differences can strengthen an organization. This paper will review how the composition of the workforce has changed over the years. It will cover the importance of diversity in today’s current workforce, conflicts related to it, and inclusion of the same. The Composition of Today’s Workforce Today’s workforce is composed by more minorities and differentRead Moreunit 12 nvq3 Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿UNIT 12 PRINCIPLES OF DIVERSITY, EQUALITY AND INCLUSION IN ADULT SOCIAL CARE SETTINGS. 1) Understand the importance of diversity, equality and inclusion 1.1) Explain what is meant by :- Diversity- recognises that all though people have thing in common they are also different in many ways. Diversity therefore consists of visible and non-visible factors which include personal characteristics such as backgrounds culture, by recognising and understanding our individual differences and

Cultural analysis of Australia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: You are required to Prepare a Market Cultural report on a Country of your choosing. Answer: Introduction: Culture of a country plays a major role in the market development and economic growth and stability of the nation. And hence cultural analysis of a particular country also has profound importance in understanding and evaluating the economic growth trends of the country. For this paper, the focus of market cultural analysis is on Australia, or commonwealth of Australia as popularly known. Commonwealth of Australia is a sovereign nation and it contains the mainland of the entire Australian continent, the Tasmanian islands and a variety of different smaller islands. Australia is considered to be the largest country in Oceania, however in global comparison, Australia comes sixth in terms of total area calculation. Before the British settlement over 50000 years ago, Australia had been predominantly inhabited by the indigenous communities that can be classified broadly into 250 different groups. However after the British settlement the periodic invasion of the Europeans led to inevitable c olonization procedure which eventually resulted in establishment of crown colonies in the country. With the onset of the 19th century the country had began federating the colonies so that a stable liberal democratic political framework can be facilitated; and the political system of the country in the present age compromises a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy which has six states and a variety of different territories (Fiske, 2010). The history of the country can be subdivided into different sections based on the monumental event of the colonization. The pre-colonial history of the country states that human inhabitation of the country began close to 65000 years ago by the means of migration. The lifestyle of these indigenous communities was mainly of hunter-gatherer style which continued until the British settlement 50000 years ago. One of the most remarkable events in the Australian history can be considered the arrivals of the Dutch in the Australian mainland in the year of 1606, post which the European migration inevitably propelled compartmentalization of the mainland, and the very first British settlement founded the city of Sydney in the year of 1788. The next British settlement in the year of 1803 had been established in the Van Diemens land which is now Tasmania, and with the establishment of Tasmania the colonization of the country began. During the colonial expansion the aboriginal communities went thr ough a consistent decline phase of almost 150 years due to the massive change in the lifestyle and societal privileges; which led to a variety of different infectious diseases in the communities. Although with the onset of the 19th century, as the political establishment of the democracy the federal settlement has contributed to a massive improvement in the society, however, it has to be mentioned that there are still a number of discrepancies in society for the backward native communities (Colquhoun Dockery, 2012). Australia has been considered to be the 13th largest economy die to the fact that the nation has an annual GDP that is considered to be to be the ninth highest per capita income. Along with that, it has to be mentioned that the country has the second highest human development index globally. Considering the economic growth of the country, the is also in the second number in terms of GDP, there are various sources of income for the country such as the mining related exports, telecommunications, banking and manufacturing sector, and many others. Although the poverty records of the nation had been reported to increase from 10.2% to 11.8% in the last few years. Australia had ranked fifth in the index of economic freedom, and hence the nation has become the 12th largest economy in the world in the matter of a decade with per capita GDP of US$56291. The commendable economic growth in the nation can be attributed to the emphasis on the export commodities in place for manufacturing goods whi ch had been a massive growth in the terms of trade for the country. Along with that it has to be mentioned that the nation had been the only country to not face a massive financial meltdown during the recession imposed by the global financial crisis. With the labour market partial deregulation system, privatization, and changes taxation system, the major cities of Australia are considered to be the most liveable cities when compared to the global context. The industrial and economic growth of the nation had been revolutionary and the country is also one of the most desirable expansion market worldwide and hence this country had been chosen for the cultural analysis for the paper (Hu, Chand Evans, 2013). Detailed cultural analysis for Australia: Australia can be considered to be a nation that has a tremendous cultural diversity and hence the country has enjoyed a rich amalgamation of various cultural norms and traditions for years. A primary western essence is the Australian culture however, which is predominantly facilitated by the European invasion and British settlement. Although it also has to be mentioned that the cultural background of the country has strong links and emphasis from the aboriginal or indigenous tradition. According to most of the literature, the cultural heritage of the nation is considered to be anglo-celtic, and there is conspicuous proof of the same in the English as their predominantly spoken language, a democratic political framework, parliamentarianism and constitutional monarchy, and lastly constitutionalist and federalist traditions. Considering the most predominating or prevalent regional inclination in the Australian society, Christianity is the most frequently observed religious connection, w ith the aboriginal traditional spirituality and religion as the only exception (Walton et al., 2014). Elaborating on the development of the diverse cultural background of the country it can be stated that the oldest cultural traditions originated in the indigenous communities, which has been still surviving in the aboriginal territories and the Torres Strait islands. The most interesting or peculiar cultural norm of the aboriginal culture can be their dreamtime, which refers to their spiritual connection to their ancestors and their own cultural heritage. Considering the dialect characteristics, the Australian English is the most spoken language with a unique emphasis of their native accent which makes it distinguishable from the other major variants like British or American English. According to the most of the literature, English is spoken predominantly among almost 80% of the population and along with that other languages that are spoken very rarely include Mandarin (1.7%), Italian (1.5%) and Arabic (1.4%). Although when discussing language, a significant part of the Australian culture, the indigenous communities and their language preferences has to be mentioned. It has to be mentioned that the aboriginal communities had more than 200 different language patterns among which most have been lost after the colonization period. According to the recent statistics, almost 70 original traditional languages of the indigenous communities are surviving among which 20 are still endangered to be obliterated completely in a few years, due to t he fact that the aboriginal language is only used by the 0.25% of the total Australian population. Considering the consumer behavior, there are a few unique characteristics that can be considered which has traditional or cultural links to it. The Australian indigenous culture has deep traditional values and responsibilities towards every aspect of life and their living standards are primarily influenced by the sense of responsibility, thankfulness and punctuality. And a profound impact of the same cultural values can be observed in the present cultural behaviors of the Australian citizen as well. Punctuality can be considered a highly significant factor in the lifestyle of the Australians which is uniquely reflected in their consumer behavior. Along with that, thankfulness and giving gifts is considered to be one of the most common norms in the society which is also uniquely reflected in their consumer behaviors and business practices as well. Formal respect to individual opinion and perception is another characteristic features of the cultural behavior of the Australian which the y have retained even in the age of cut-throat competition and consumerism (Dockery, 2010). The respecting individual ideas and preferences is the third unique feature which is reflected in their consumer behavior as well. Hence, the impact of traditional values and cultural heritage is paramount in the behaviors and lifestyles of Australia which makes Australian consumer market unique from the other markets as well. Business culture comparison between Australia and Singapore: Business culture in Australia is quite different from that of Singapore. Australians prefer straightforwardness when it comes to business. Therefore an individual who is keen to develop a professional relationship with an Australian firm does not need to develop long-standing relationship before he does business with them. They are very direct in the way they communicate. Australian professionals like to implement an element of humor which even involves self deprecating in their own speech. Australians consider appointments to be necessary but also believes that they are relatively easy to schedule (Cavusgil et al., 2013). They believe that these should be made with as much lead time as possible in the situation. Punctuality is very important for them and prefers Australians to reach a few minute before the starting of a meeting. Meetings are usually relaxed. If a individual feels otherwise to the suggestion in a meeting, they directly say mention that in direct communication. They p refer doing business providing a lot more importance on fact and figures and do not involve emotions and feelings as a part of business etiquettes. They do not prefer in extensive introductory sessions. They start meetings directly after a small talk. They are quite direct in their approach and expect the same in return (Ferraro Briody, 2017). They do not like brevity in decision making procedures. They also do not get impressed by too many details. Bargaining is not customary and their negotiations proceed quickly. They mainly expect the initial proposal to have a small margin for negotiation. High pressure techniques are not liked by them. Their decision making is rather slow as the decisions made by the subordinates are then passed onto the topmost seniors of the company for approval. Therefore decision making is rather slow. Business apparels are quite conservative in Melbourne and Sydney where men need to wear dark colored and conservative business suit whereas women wear smar t dress or business suit. However in Brisbane and similar other tropical places men may wear shirts and informal depending on their job functions. Exchange of business cards is not a ritual and a necessity. One may provide the card in initial introduction. However, no issues arise if this custom is not followed as well (Rabi et al., 2014). However, in Singapore, exchange of business cards is very important upon meetings and should be treated respectfully. They should be given and received with both hands. It needs to be placed on the table in accordance with the placement of the people with whom the meeting is held. Putting the business card in the back pocket or haphazardly stashing it into a folder shows a symbol of disrespect to the Singaporeans (Chan Tong, 2014). Punctuality is important just like the Australians. Although certain Singaporeans are happy with firmly shaking hands, some follow slight bowing of head which should be reciprocated back. This is not necessary in Australia (Chokkar, Broadbeck House, 2013). Like the Australians they also believe in direct discussions while handing certain issues or discussion about finance. Unlike the Australians who do not believe in establishing relationship at the very first instance of meeting, Singaporeans prefer personal relationships and networking. They believe th ese to be important elements for doing business in Singapore. Australians do not believe in top seniors taking the most decisions. They mainly allow subordinated deciding which then passes on to seniors for approval. In Singapore decisions are mainly taken by senior management and they follow a top down structure for decision making (Warner, 2014). However like Australians, they believe in small informal tasks before starting of the meetings which help both of them to establish a comfort level. Hence, it becomes very important for business professionals for both the countries to be acquainted with business etiquettes and cultures of each of them so that no cultural conflicts arise (Harrison, 2012). Hofstedes cultural dimension analysis: Power distance: The power distance can be defined as the characteristics that explore and defines the inequality in the various societal sectors on the basis of socio-economic determinants. In case of Australia, the analysis score for this element is 36 where as the score for the same in case of Singapore is 74. It can be stated n this context that for Australian society the hierarchy is based entirely on the convenience and along with that there is significant communication, respect and co-operation between the different sectors of the hierarchy. Whereas for Singapore, the societal inequalities are much more pronounces which can be a direct result of their Confucian background. It has to be mentioned that a Confucian background is predominantly based on the societal inequalities and hence societal power pattern imparts a profound effect on the gradient system in the society. Individualism vs collectivism: Singapore can be considered as a collective society with a score of 20, now a collective society refers to the fact that different individuals of the society think and behave in a responsible manner towards a connected group or community patterns; where each and every individuals are expected to care for one another. Whereas Australia with a largely westernized culture is an individualistic society with individualism score of 90. Here, the societal characteristics are not based on groups or community pattern, with loosely kint societies and nuclear families in the most part, the Australian only care for themselves and their immediate families. Uncertainty avoidance: This factor deals with the idea of how capable a society is with coping with any uncertain change or transition. This factor in this cultural dimension analysis hypothesizes that the future of a society can never be known or secure. The uncertainty avoidance score for Australia is 51 with a highly intermediate status in having the ability of uncertainty avoidance. Whereas, for Singapore the score is 8 which shows a relatively low uncertainty avoidance (Dandy Pe-Pua, 2010). Long term orientation: Long term orientation can be considered as the ability that a society shows in maintaining the links or connection with its past along with the challenges or adversities presented by the present and future. Singapore has a score of 72 in this dimension which shows that the cultural qualities in Singapore support different elements of long term investments with perseverance and sustained efforts. In case of Australia, the score is 21 which indicate at its normative culture incapable of much long term investments. Indulgence: According to this element, the indulgence states how capable the citizens are in controlling their impulses and desires and to what extent they indulge in it. The score for indulgence is 71 which state that the country or its citizen is indulgent at most with the citizens more inclined to acting as per their needs and desire in leisure times. For Singapore, the indulgence score is 46 which shoes that the country is intermediate in this element and a secure and valid judgment cannot be made on the indulgence of the Singaporean citizens (Wiewiora et al., 2013). Figure source: Country Comparison - Hofstede Insights., 2017 Conclusion: On a concluding note, it can be stated that Australia is a rising country with an astounding economic growth and developmental practices. With the technological advances and formal and righteous business culture of this county, they are undoubtedly one of the most frequent choices for business expansion for any corporate industries. However, it has to be understood in this context that the cultural impact on the economic and societal characteristics has to be taken into account when discussing the cultural analysis of the nation. Therefore, in case of business expansion in the Australian market, the unique business culture of the country has to be taken into account. According to the Hofstede analysis the country has an individualistic nature with the least power distance. Hence with careful consideration of the unique business cultural factors the Australian market can continue to grow further and reach astounding success. References: Altman, J., Hinkson, M. (2010).Culture crisis: Anthropology and politics in Aboriginal Australia. University of New South Wales Press. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., Rose, E. L. (2014).International business. Pearson Australia. Chan, K. B., Tong, C. K. (2014). Singaporean Chinese doing business in China. InChinese Business(pp. 119-129). Springer Singapore. Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., House, R. J. (Eds.). (2013).Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Colquhoun, S., Dockery, A. M. (2012). The link between Indigenous culture and wellbeing: Qualitative evidence for Australian Aboriginal peoples. Country Comparison - Hofstede Insights. (2017).Hofstede Insights. Retrieved 22 November 2017, from https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/australia,singapore/ Dandy, J., Pe-Pua, R. (2010). Attitudes to multiculturalism, immigration and cultural diversity: Comparison of dominant and non-dominant groups in three Australian states.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,34(1), 34-46. Dockery, A. M. (2010). Culture and wellbeing: The case of Indigenous Australians.Social Indicators Research,99(2), 315-332. Ferraro, G. P., Briody, E. K. (2017).The cultural dimension of global business. Taylor Francis. Fiske, J. (2010).Understanding popular culture. Routledge. Harrison, S. D. (2012). Singing, men and Australian culture. InPerspectives on males and singing(pp. 65-75). Springer Netherlands. Hu, C., Chand, P., Evans, E. (2013). The effect of national culture, acculturation, and education on accounting judgments: A comparative study of Australian and Chinese culture.Journal of international accounting research,12(2), 51-77. Lee, A., Manathunga, C., Kandlbinder, P. (2010). Shaping a culture: Oral histories of academic development in Australian universities.Higher Education Research Development,29(3), 307-318. Rabl, T., Jayasinghe, M., Gerhart, B., Khlmann, T. M. (2014). A meta-analysis of country differences in the high-performance work systembusiness performance relationship: The roles of national culture and managerial discretion.Journal of Applied Psychology,99(6), 1011. Tonkinson, R. (2011). Landscape, transformations, and immutability in an Aboriginal Australian culture. InCultural memories(pp. 329-345). Springer Netherlands. Tung, R. L., Verbeke, A. (2010). Beyond Hofstede and GLOBE: Improving the quality of cross-cultural research. Walton, J., Priest, N., Kowal, E., White, F., Brickwood, K., Fox, B., Paradies, Y. (2014). Talking culture? Egalitarianism, color-blindness and racism in Australian elementary schools.Teaching and Teacher Education,39, 112-122. Warner, M. (2014).Culture and management in Asia. Routledge. Wiewiora, A., Trigunarsyah, B., Murphy, G., Coffey, V. (2013). Organizational culture and willingness to share knowledge: A competing values perspective in Australian context.International Journal of Project Management,31(8), 1163-1174.

Business proposal Essay Example For Students

Business proposal Essay Business proposal Essay: Library at the Exton Campus of Delaware County Community College Erin Murphy April 29, 2002 BUS 100-95 TABLE OF CONTENTS Company goals and objectives: Our goals are to grow in this niche market thus aim to attain a high market share, doing so, will help the company achieve the main goal which is to be a market leader in this field. Our objective is to obtain our annual sales targets and to increase the companys profit margins; this will help us achieve our goal. Another important objective is to meet customers specific needs in order to maintain customer satisfaction and loyalty. Business philosophy: In this business whats important is to stay positive and to liaise together as a team in order to solve any problems that may occur and to make important business decisions. Target market: The target market would be dog owners of all ages. The products will be set at affordable prices for customers that are seeking the lifestyle of the upper class person. (to be continued this time next week) Products and services Products Services Wholesale CostSelling Price T-Shirts (Various Colours Sizes)8. 9914.99 Vest Tops (Various Colours Sizes)8.9914.99 Polo Shirts (Various Colours Sizes)13.9922.99 Hooded Tops (Various Colours Sizes)11. 9921.33 Name Tags (Various Colours Sizes)1.995.99 Crystal Band Collars (Various Colours Sizes)15.9925.99 Sparkling Collars (Various Colours Sizes)19. 9910.99 Leads (Various Colours Sizes)9.9929.99 Boots (Various Colours Sizes)14.9930.00 Bags (Various Colours Sizes)9. 9917.99 Necklace (Various)14.9924.99 Silver Necklace (Various)54.9975.00 Hair Accessories (Various)0. 503.00 Tiara7.9914.99 Banadana (Various)2.5012.00 All-In-One Bathrobe (Various)15. 9924.99 Bathrobe (Various)17.9926.99 Shampoo Conditioner4.509.99 Perfume3. 007.50 Dental Kit3.999.99 Beds (Various)20.0055.00 Customisation (Various Design)From 5. 99 Engraving2 Per Letter Marketing plan Market Overview: Market size The UK market for pet accessories was 296 million in 1999. An increase of 36% since 1995 but in 2003 the market size is over 400 million. Despite the contractions in the number of dogs the market for products aimed at dogs and their owners is still healthy. Figure 1- UK retail sales of pet accessories 1998-2003 YearmIndexm1998 pricesIndex 1998339100339.0100 1999349103338.5100 2000361106346. 8102 2001371109344.8102 2002390115355.2105 2003407120357.6105 The pet market retail value in 2003 was 3.9 billion. Market Share Pet accessories account for 14% of the total UK pet market, with estimated market value of 547 million in 2003, an increase of approximately 3% from previous year. .

Arabia Mountain by The Black Lips free essay sample

In 2003, the world of punk was forever changed with the release of an LP by a new band called The Black Lips. The album was coincidentally enough called Black Lips! and the rest as they say, is history. The Black Lips debut LP compared to their newest effort, entitled Arabia Mountain, sound like two completely different bands. With age, their music became more linear, like there was more of a sense of purpose. With that being said, all of their albums are great in my opinion, and all worth a listen. The Black Lips are a self-proclaimed flower-punk band. Im not quite sure what that means. I dont think anyone does, I dont even think they do. All I know is that its a Frank Zappa song, but thats not very relevant at this point. Formed in 2000 in Atlanta, Georgia, front-men Cole Alexander and Jared Swilley were kicked out of Columbine a year after the shootings for being a Sub-culture danger. We will write a custom essay sample on Arabia Mountain by The Black Lips or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Soon after they met Ben Eberbaugh, with whom they wrote and practiced all their music. Days before a tour, Eberbaugh was killed by a drunk driver, but the band still went on in his memory. From there, The Black Lips achieved true success with their 2007 hit album Good Bad Not Evil. 2009 brought 200 Million Thousand, and theyre now back in 2011. The name of the new album is Arabia Mountain, and although The Black Lips have reached some kind of mainstream success, they refuse to lose their sound. That rough, raw sound that you usually only hear on a bands live album recording. Theyre still angry at the world, they still hate everyone, but at the same time, theyve learned a thing or two along the way, and it really shows on the record. At 16 tracks, this is one of The Black Lips longest records, but with great production by Mark Ronson, catchy but still rough melodies, and good lyrical content, Arabia Mountain is never boring. Its true that you can start to hear the age and wisdom that The Black Lips have gained over the years, but as theyve said before, All we are are bad kids! Grade: B+

A Profile of King Edward III of England

A Profile of King Edward III of England Edward III, King of England and Lord of Ireland, ruled from 1327 until his death in 1377. Crowned at age fourteen, he assumed his personal rule three years later and earned early fame for his defeat of the Scots at Halidon Hill in 1333. Edward claimed the crown of France in 1337 effectively starting the Hundred Years War. During the conflicts early campaigns, he led English forces to victory at Sluys and Crà ©cy, while his son, Edward the Black Prince, earned a triumph at Poitiers. These successes allowed Edward to conclude the favorable Treaty of Brà ©tigny in 1360. His reign was also marked by the arrival of the Black Death (bubonic plague) in England and the evolution of Parliament. Early Life Edward III was born at Windsor on November 13, 1312 and was the grandson of the great warrior Edward I. The son of ineffective Edward II and his wife Isabella, the young prince was quickly made Earl of Chester to aid in shoring up his fathers weak position on the throne. On January 20, 1327, Edward II was deposed by Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer and replaced by the fourteen-year old Edward III on February 1. Installing themselves as regents for the young king, Isabella and Mortimer effectively controlled England. During this time, Edward was routinely disrespected and treated poorly by Mortimer. Ascending to the Throne A year later, on January 24, 1328, Edward married Philippa of Hainault at York Minister. A close couple, she bore him fourteen children during their forty-one year marriage. The first of these, Edward the Black Prince was born on June 15, 1330. As Edward matured, Mortimer worked to abuse his post through the acquisition of titles and estates. Determined to assert his power, Edward had Mortimer and his mother seized at Nottingham Castle on October 19, 1330. Condemning Mortimer to death for assuming royal authority, he exiled his mother to Castle Rising in Norfolk. Looking North In 1333, Edward elected to renew the military conflict with Scotland and repudiated the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton which had been concluded during his regency. Backing the claim of the claim of Edward Balliol to the Scottish throne, Edward advanced north with an army and defeated the Scots at the Battle of Halidon Hill on July 19. Asserting control over the southern counties of Scotland, Edward departed and left the conflict in the hands of his nobles. Over the next few years, their control slowly eroded as the forces of young Scottish King David II reclaimed the lost territory. Fast Facts: Edward III Nation: EnglandBorn: November 13, 1312 at Windsor CastleCoronation: February 1, 1327Died: June 21, 1377 at Sheen Palace, RichmondPredecessor: Edward II Successor: Richard IISpouse: Philippa of HainaultIssue: Edward the Black Prince, Isabella, Joan, Lionel, John of Gaunt, Edmund, Mary, Margaret, ThomasConflicts: Hundred Years WarKnown For: Battle of Halidon Hill, Battle of Sluys, Battle of Crà ©cy The Hundred Years War While war festered in the north, Edward was increasingly angered by the actions of France who supported the Scots and had been raiding the English coast. While the people of England began to fear a French invasion, the King of France, Philip VI, captured some of Edwards French lands including the duchy of Aquitaine and the county of Ponthieu. Rather than pay homage to Philip, Edward elected to assert his claim to the French crown as the only living male descendent of his deceased maternal grandfather, Philip IV. Invoking Salic law which banned succession along female lines, the French flatly rejected Edwards claim. Going to war with France in 1337, Edward initially limited his efforts to alliance building with various European princes and encouraging them to attack France. Key among these relationships was a friendship with the Holy Roman Emperor, Louis IV. While these efforts produced few results on the battlefield, Edward did win a critical naval victory at the Battle of Sluys on June 24, 1340. The triumph effectively gave England command of the Channel for much of the ensuing conflict. While Edward endeavored with his military operations, severe fiscal pressure began to mount on the government. Returning home in late 1340, he found the affairs of the realm in disarray and began a purge of the governments administrators. At Parliament the next year, Edward was compelled to accept financial limitations on his actions. Recognizing the need to placate Parliament, he agreed to their terms, however quickly began to override them later that year. After a few years of inconclusive fighting, Edward embarked for Normandy in 1346 with a large invasion force. Sacking Caen, they moved across northern France and inflicted a decisive defeat on Philip at the Battle of Crà ©cy. Edward III counting the dead at Crecy. Public Domain In the fighting, the superiority of the English longbow was demonstrated as Edwards archers cut down the flower of the French nobility. At the battle, Philip lost around 13,000-14,000 men, while Edward suffered only 100-300. Among those who proved themselves at Crà ©cy was the Black Prince who became one of his fathers most trusted field commanders. Moving north, Edwards successfully concluded the siege of Calais in August 1347. Recognized as a powerful leader, Edward was approached that November to run for Holy Roman Emperor following the death of Louis. Though he considered the request, he ultimately declined. The Black Death In 1348, the Black Death (bubonic plague) struck England killing nearly a third of the nations population. Halting military campaigning, the plague led to manpower shortages and dramatic inflation in labor costs. In an attempt to halt this, Edward and Parliament passed the Ordinance of Labourers (1349) and the Statute of Labourers (1351) to fix wages at pre-plague levels and restrict the movement of the peasantry. As England emerged from the plague, fighting resumed. On September 19, 1356, the Black Prince won a dramatic victory at the Battle Poitiers and captured King John II of France. King Edward III grants Aquitaine to his son Edward, the Black Prince. Public Domain Peace With France effectively operating without a central government, Edward sought to end the conflict with campaigns in 1359. These proved ineffective and the following year, Edward concluded the Treaty of Bretigny. By the terms of the treaty, Edward renounced his claim on the French throne in exchange for full sovereignty over his captured lands in France. Preferring the action of military campaigning to doldrums of daily governance, Edwards final years on the throne were marked by a lack of vigor as he passed much of the routine of government to his ministers. While England remained at peace with France, the seeds for renewing the conflict were sown when John II died in captivity in 1364. Ascending the throne, the new king, Charles V, worked to rebuild French forces and began open warfare in 1369. At age fifty-seven, Edward elected to dispatch one of his younger sons, John of Gaunt, to deal with the threat. In the ensuing fighting, Johns efforts proved largely ineffective. Concluding the Treaty of Bruges in 1375, English possessions in France were reduced to Calais, Bordeaux, and Bayonne. Later Reign This period was also marked by the death of Queen Philippa who succumbed to a dropsy-like illness at Windsor Castle on August 15, 1369. In the final months of her life, Edward began a controversial affair with Alice Perrers. Military defeats on the Continent and the financial costs of campaigning came to a head in 1376 when Parliament was convened to approve additional taxation. With both Edward and the Black Prince battling illness, John of Gaunt was effectively overseeing the government. Dubbed the Good Parliament, the House of Commons used the opportunity to express a long list of grievances which led to the removal of several of Edwards advisors. In addition, Alice Perrers was banished from court as it was believed she wielded too much influence over the aged king. The royal situation was further weakened in June when the Black Prince died. While Gaunt was compelled to give into Parliaments demands, his fathers condition worsened. In September 1376, he developed a large abscess. Though he briefly improved during the winter of 1377, Edward III finally died of a stroke on June 21, 1377. As the Black Prince had died, the throne passed to Edwards grandson, Richard II, who was only ten. Renowned as one of Englands great warrior kings, Edward III was buried at Westminster Abbey. Beloved by his people, Edward is also credited for founding the knightly Order of the Garter in 1348. A contemporary of Edwards, Jean Froissart, wrote that His like had not been seen since the days of King Arthur.

Program Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Program Theory - Essay Example Funnell and Rogers (2011, 58) stated that an effective social policy/ program needs to be able to overcome constraints arising from institutions, human resource, finance, and even politics that might be involved. In developing a social policy/ program, Funnell and Rogers (2011, 75-77) further noted that a theory is usually developed around the policy/ program, and it presents a feasible and plausible plan for improving the underlying social problem; this theory is usually known as the program theory. This present paper will focus on a social problem and the social program theory that has been proposed as a likely remedy to the social problem. More in particular, the paper will discuss the social problem that needs to be fixed, the solution that has been proposed to fix the problem, the likely outcomes after fixing the social problem, and how one can tell whether this social program has been fixed or not. The social problem The social problem that this present study proposes to fix is unemployment among graduate students. The root of this problem can be traced back to the economic recession that hit the United States in the period of 2008 to 2010, resulting into many job losses (Rushe, 2013). Moreover, in the run up to the last Presidential elections in the United States, the candidates were put to task on the social policies/ programs that they will implement to solve this problem, which has far-reaching detrimental consequences if it remains unresolved. Rushe (2013) stated that so far the Obama administration has been able to reduced the unemployment rate in the country because in the month of August, the rate of unemployment had decreased to 7.30%, which was an improvement compared to the previous rate that stood at 7.40% (Rushe, 2013). However, it is of essence to note that this rate is still quite high considering that the average rate of unemployment in the U.S was only 5.82% in the period of 1948 to 2013, and 1953 marked a record low of 2.5% while 1982 ma rked a record high of 10.82% (Rushe, 2013). Therefore, there is still a dire need of creating more jobs in order to absorb the unemployed, and even resolve some of the vices that are associated with unemployment within the society. According to Rushe (2013), this social problem is relevant in justifying the development of a new policy because creating more jobs will improve the living standards for American citizens, it will reduce the social crimes attributed to unemployment, and it will contribute to economic growth for the country. The program theory In relation to the social problem that has been identified above, this present study, proposed a program theory that reads as follows; â€Å"employed an engineering student is USA.† This theory acknowledges the social need that graduates need to find gainful employment in order up lift their living standard and make worthwhile contribution to the economic development of the country. The input that is under this program theory is for America to nurture more engineering students. Therefore, the output of this program is that the more engineers the U.S has the less the country will experience issues of unemployment. The impact of the program theory is increased rate of employment and the long-term goal is improved living standards for Americans and even improved economic development. The program theory is based on the premise that the engineering profession and in particular science and engineering has led to the creation of new

Media Concentration and Control Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media Concentration and Control - Assignment Example   In the when corporations are aiming to paint themselves as good corporate citizens, one cannot avoid questioning the extent to which the information fed to the general public is censored. Consequently, it would be rational for the government to limit the level of concentration of media ownership for the best interest of the public. This paper explores the reasons why the government should limit the concentration of media ownership, incorporating the views of various researchers. Concentrated media ownership kills social justice and democracy. Freedman (2014) stated that the Mexican students protested against two major TV channels that had the most influence in the media. Kawashima (2011) argues that the concentrated media ownership is anti-democratic as it restricts cultural diversity and does not allow citizens to make informed decisions and exchange ideas that are important to their public life. Furthermore, Hasmondhalgh (2012) and Baker (2007) argue that media is a cultural industry. Thus, if the power is intensified in few groups, it will transform the cultural industries to capital accumulation firms. This, in turn, can exploit creative labour. Freedman (2014) asserted that the government should not make any extra arrangements to protect the media ownership. Murdoch (2009) argued that media are like any other organisation where if the public does not like the service or the product, it fails. Therefore, the special protection of media services or the me dia concentration is against the basic principles of free market. Baker (2009) supported the argument of media diversity through a normative theory of democracy that suggests the authority should be controlled by public opinion. The media concentration process controls the public opinion. Thus, Baker (2009) suggests that not only the media should diversify in terms of the number of media channels but also the sources of media. Diverse media would push for the overall benefit of the entire society unlike concentration, which works in the best interest of a few individuals pursuing similar goals.  

Theory of Knowledge- To what extent does the vocabulary we have shape Essay

Theory of Knowledge- To what extent does the vocabulary we have shape what we know - Essay Example g with the first years of our lives we use words to express needs, dangers, feelings, to discover the use and practicality of the things surrounding us as well as to dive into the study of intellectual and scientific thought that has been developed and passed on to us for generations. Our vocabulary is not a simple collection of words and their meanings; it is also a complex tool that can shape what we can know through different areas of knowledge. Some may say though that words are unnecessary and of little importance in subjects such as mathematics, which expresses its reasoning through symbols, or the arts, which captures and conveys human feelings beyond verbal expression. However, I strongly believe that our vocabulary is an instrumental tool that shapes what we know and what we can know about the world we live in because it facilitates communication and it incorporates more meaning into our lives. I will discuss this statement in relation to three areas of knowledge: mathematic s, history and the arts. Mathematics is probably a subject that is least associated with the use of vocabulary. This is primarily because its core consists of developing certain ideas and principles through the use of numbers that connect though formulas, and which, at their turn, relate to one another in order to portray a logical picture of a certain phenomenon. Advanced mathematics can rarely find a direct application into the real world and it is mostly used for scientific development, because without the use of formulas and numbers we wouldn’t be at the technological level we are now. Some say that mathematics is a language by itself that claims universality. Therefore, one might state that our vocabulary has no power to shape what we know in this area of knowledge, that mathematics has made words obsolete and has raised above them. However, I believe that words are of outmost importance for children that learn basic mathematics. They learn how to add, subtract, multiply and

The effect of drugs on heart rate: Research experiment

The effect of drugs on heart rate: Research experiment The water flea Daphnia pulex (see figure 1) is a small (1.1-3.5mm long ) crustacean commonly found in ponds in the United Kingdom. The full taxonomy of Daphnia pulux is as follows: Kingdom – Branchiopoda Phylum – Diplostraca Class – Cladocera Order – Anomopoda Family – Daphniidae Genus – Daphnia Subgenus pulex Figure 1. Daphnia pulex, showing the clear exoskeleton and inside the body (Cladoceran website 2005) Whilst being crustaceans and having an exoskeleton Daphnia are easy to study as their exoskeleton is actually clear so it is possible to see through it and study the working of the inside of their body. In particular it is possible to see the flow of the circulatory system and the heart beating. Therefore they are useful to test the effects of specific drugs on heartbeat, as it is easy to see the changes via an obvious change in heartbeat. Daphnia have been used in the present experiment as they are readily available and it is simple to study the effects of drugs on their systems. They are also robust to a variety of chemicals being present in their environment so can be used to assess the effects of these chemicals without fear that the chemicals will kill them instantly. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), alcohol (ethanol), and caffeine are drugs that all commonly used by people. All 3 drugs have an effect on the human heart, mostly through indirect effects on the circulation and factors that affect circulation – eg platelet clotting. Alcohol causes a lowering of heart beat due to expanding the veins through vasodilatation. Aspirin also lowers the heart rate via its effects on platelets and the way that they cause veins to constrict. Caffeine, however, acts to increase heart beat. It is unfortunately not practical to test the effect of any of the drugs on the heartbeat of people as the drugs have a lot of other effects within the body as well. Instead Daphnia are used as they have a small body so the drug effects are less widespread and the effect on the heart is easy to assess. The effects are also evident very quickly so it is possible to carry out a large number of investigations in a relatively short space of time. Hypothesis The experimental hypotheses for each of the three drugs are as follows: Aspirin will cause the heart rate of Daphnia to lower in a concentration dependent manner. Alcohol will cause the heart rate of Daphnia to lower in a concentration dependent manner. Caffeine will cause heart rate of Daphnia to increase in a concentration dependent manner. The null hypothesis in all cases is that each of the drugs will have no effect on the concentration rate of Daphnia. Variables In order to see whether it is actually the drugs that are causing the change in the heart rate of Daphnia the only variable that can change is the concentration of the drug. As well as this each drug will have to be tested separately to make sure that it is only the effect of that drug which is causing the change, if any. A fourth set of results also needs to be taken, which is the heart rate of daphnia without any of the drugs added at all. For this experiment the independent variable will be the drug concentration. An independent variable is one that is chosen and set specifically by the experimentor. For this experiment the dependent variable – the one that changes as a result of the independent variable changing – will be the heart rate of the Daphnia. Constant variables will be: The number of Daphnia (approx 100) The volume of water (100ml) The temperature (same room temperature of approx 21  °C in all cases) The species of Daphnia (Daphnia pulux) The amount of water transferred to microscope slide for each test (1ml) The same length of time the Daphnia would be left in the chemical (1 hour) Method Daphnia will be collected from a pond, using a fine mesh sive and kept in a contained with pond water until they can be counted and the correct number can be transferred to a petri dish containing 100ml of distilled water for each experiment. Distilled water will be used so that there are no other chemicals present which might have an effect on heart rate. Approximately 100 Daphnia will be used for each experiment, although it would not be possible to count exactly that number so an approximate number will be used in each case. Aspirin will come in a readily available over the counter soluble form (Boots 300mg soluble aspirin) Caffeine will also come in a readily available over the counter form of ProPlus (50 mg Caffeine) Alcohol will come from vodka (Smirnoff Blue label 45% vol). The drug will be added to the distilled water in the petri dish before adding the daphnia and stirred with a clean glass rod to make sure that it is fully dissolved and spread throughout the liquid. Then the daphnia will be transferred to the petri dish using a pipette. Drugs will be in the quantities shown in tables 1-3 Table 1. A table showing the number of caffeine tablets used in each experiment and the resulting caffeine concentration Table 2. A table showing the number of aspirin tablets used in each experiment and the resulting aspirin concentration Table 3. A table showing the amount of vodka used in each experiment and the resulting alcohol concentration There would actually be only 1 control experiment, to check for differences caused by the drug, so the top row of each table actually corresponds to the same experiment, where there is just water in the petri dish and no added chemicals. As the daphnia are small organisms with a relatively permeable exoskeleton they would be able to absorb the caffeine present in the water and it could have its effect upon the body. In each case the Daphnia would be left in the water and drug for a time of 1 hour to ensure that the drug has had any effect. As the Daphnia are only going to be used for a short period of time they would receive no food as it would not be necessary. Whilst whole Daphnia are visible to the naked eye, a microscope is necessary to see the actually heart beats. Therefore a clean pipette will be used to transfer a droplet of the treated water and daphnia onto a microscope slide. This would then be covered using a cover slip to prevent the liquid from moving. This will then be looked at under the microscope and the number of times the Daphnia’s heart beats per minute recorded. Each time that the heart beat is counted it will be repeated 3 times to obtain an average. Different microscope slides would be used in each case to avoid cross contamination by different drugs or drug concentrations. Equipment list Fine mesh sieve Plastic container to store daphnia in Distilled water (13 x 100 ml) 13 clean plastic pipettes 13 clean petri dishes 13 microscope slides and cover slips Light microscope Caffeine tablets (ProPlus) Aspirin tablets (Boots soluble aspirin) Alcohol (Smirnoff blue label vodka) Measuring cylinder Risk assessment There are a number of specific areas which involve risk within this experiment. These are the initial collection of daphnia, the handling of daphnia and the handling of chemicals. Specific risk assessment are as follows: If alcohol / drug is ingested then rinse out mouth immediately and seek medical advice. If alcohol / drug solution is spilt on clothes rinse affected area and remove clothes if necessary. If alcohol / drug solution gets into eyes then rinse out immediately and seek medical advice. An adult (over 18) must purchase the vodka and be present during its use. Care should be taken when obtaining the daphnia from a pond and an adult should ideally do the collecting. If pond water is ingested then rinse out mouth immediately and seek medical advice. Results It was found that, as Daphnia heart beat was very fast it was easier and more reliable to count in 15 second sections and then convert this to beats per minute. So this was done in all cases. The heart rate of daphnia under control conditions was found to be an average of 350 beats / minute. The results for each of the 3 drugs are considered separately below. Caffeine The results from the experiment to investigate the effect of caffeine upon the heart rate of Daphnia are shown in figure 2 below. Figure 2. The effect of caffeine on the heart rate of Daphnia Pulex (average of 3 counts) It can be seen that there is a positive correlation between caffeine concentration and Daphnia heart rate. The percentage increase in heart rate, when compared to control, is shown in table 4 below. Table 4. A table showing the effect of increasing caffeine concentration on daphnia heart rate Aspirin Unfortunately the concentrations of aspirin used actually killed the daphnia whilst they were in the solution for the required hour. Therefore it was necessary to alter the concentrations and repeat the experiment. As the daphnia died at all concentrations of aspirin even 30 mg / litre must have been too concentrated for them. Therefore the concentration was reduced to 10% of original values, and the experiment repeated. The new concentrations were obtained by diluting the dissolved tablets in more distilled water, eg 10 times the amount to obtain concentrations of 1/10. unfortunately, due to time constraints, the counts could not be repeated 3 times so the figure are for a single count at each concentration. The results from these new concentrations are shown in figure 3 below. Figure 3. The effect of aspirin on the heart rate of Daphnia It can be seen from figure 3 that there is no particular pattern to the results, other than the fact that aspirin is linked to a reduction in heart rate. However this reduction does not appear to be concentration dependent, or at least not at the concentrations used in this experiment. Alcohol The effect of increasing alcohol concentration is shown in figure 4. Figure 4. The effect of alcohol on the heart rate of Daphnia (average of 3 counts) It can be seen that alcohol had quite a large effect on the heart rate of daphnia and there was an inverse correlation between alcohol concentration and heart rate. The percentage decrease in heart rate, when compared to control, is shown in table 5 below. Table 5. A table showing the effect of increasing alcohol concentration on daphnia heart rate Statistical analysis of results It was not possible to undertake accurate statistical analysis of the aspirin results as only 1 count was taken at each concentration level on the repeated experiment. However it was possible to undertake a t test analysis on the alcohol and caffeine results, using the original data as opposed to the mean results shown in the graphs. Statistical analysis was carried out using the software available from Graphpad quickcalcs. These statistically analysed results are shown in table 6 and 7 below. Table 6. A table to show the relative statistical significance of varying concentrations of caffeine upon the heart rate of daphnia Table 7. A table to show the relative statistical significance of varying concentrations of alcohol upon the heart rate of daphnia Discussion The results from this experiment indicate that both caffeine and alcohol affect heart rate of daphnia. Aspirin may affect heart rate but the results obtained here do not provide enough evidence to support this view fully. Why does caffeine affect heart rate? The results from this experiment show that caffeine causes heart rate to increase by around 0.05% per mg of caffeine. Whilst it cannot be known exactly why this happens there are various possible reasons. Caffeine if a methylxanthine which acts by inhibiting the enzyme (phosphodiesterase) that metabolises cAMP. The resulting rise in cAMP levels has the same effect as increasing levels of adenylate cyclase, which is one of the principal effects of adrenaline. Adrenaline is known to increase heart rate via its effects on the  Ã‚ ¢1 adrenoceptors so it is likely that caffeine has a similar effect. Whilst these effects are known about in humans, and daphnia are not the same organisms, it is likely that the effects are mediated for similar reasons – eg the involvement of enzymes and inhibition / stimulation of these. It is possible that the effects of caffeine were not as pronounced as might have occurred due to a reflex reaction. In humans an increase in heart rate is often rapidly followed by a reflexive compensatory mechanism to slow the heart rate again. This compensation can involve the veins dilating and a stimulation of enzymes such as phosphodiesterase in order to reduce cAMP levels. In the case of the daphnia it might have been the case that a more significant rise in heart rate occurred as soon as the caffeine was absorbed by the daphnia but then there was a compensatory mechanism to reverse this effect. However as the solution of caffeine was present around the daphnia for the whole duration of the experiment then this is unlikely as each time new caffeine was absorbed it would cause heart rate to increase, and the daphnia’s system would not be able to constantly undergo the reflexive compensations. How does aspirin affect heart rate Aspirin has its principal effects on an enzyme called cyclo-oxygenase. Aspirin acts by binding to the active site of the enzyme, thus preventing it from binding to the eiocosanoid and having its required effect. The inhibition is irreversible as aspirin binds permanently to the active site of the enzyme. Cyclo-oxygenase (COX) is the main enzyme involved in the conversion of eiocosanoids found in membrane fatty acids, into the inflammatory mediators prostaglandins and leuoktrienes. COX acts to convert arachadonic acid into the prostaglandin precursor prostaglandin G2 and also to convert this precursor into prostaglandin H2. It is from PGH2 that the main inflammatory mediators are generated. Therefore the prevention of COX prevents even the first part of the inflammatory cycle from taking place. Whilst it is not immediately obvious how the prevention of inflammatory mediators should reduce heart rate, it becomes obvious when the effect of the inflammation on heart rate is known. Whilst each individual prostanoid has slightly different effects, the overall one if to cause vasoconstriction and also an increase in myocardial contractility. This latter particularly results in heart rate being increased as the heart muscle in contracting more frequently. This means that decreases heart rate by preventing this increased heart muscle contraction, as well as preventing the vasculature from constricting so much. Again, it is the effects of aspirin in humans that is known about, but it could be expected that the effect is similar in daphnia. Why might alcohol affect heart rate It is not known exactly how ethanol acts to decrease heart rate, but it is believed to be a knock on effect from the changes in peripheral vasculature. Ethanol is known to cause vadodilatation – eg dilation of blood vessels. If blood vessels are dilated then there is more space thus a greater volume for blood so the heart has to beat fewer times to deliver the same amount of blood. It is also possible that ethanol has its effects on heart rate via a central nervous system effect. Ethanol initially increase catecholamine release, including dopamine. This acts to stimulate heart rate. However following this initial effect ethanol actually reduces the concentration of catecholamines, principally noradrenaline, by increasing the rate at which it is removed from cells. As the daphnia had been left in the ethanol containing water for an hour it would be expected that they had reached this second stage by the time heart rate was being measured. However it is possible that the conflict between the initial and subsequent effects of alcohol could be the reason why the results did not follow a particular pattern. Sources of error Whilst statistical significance appears to be present in a number of results it is very difficult to be certain with such a small population number. In order to be more certain of results, a much larger sample size should be used in each case. When a result has been shown to be significant and is actually due to chance this is known as a type I statistical error. Temperature is another variable that affects the heart rate of daphnia, evident by the fact that daphnia can be preserved alive at low temperatures due to a slowing of heart rate. Therefore it is possible that the heat from the light microscope lamp caused an increase in the heart rate. However, as the light was present on each counting session this variable, whilst possibly affecting heart rate, would affect all counts by a similar amount. Therefore all counts would be raised from what they should be. This would serve to make the results from caffeine more significant and alcohol less significant. Given that the results from alcohol showed an inverse correlation then this source of error could have only made the results less significant. However in the case of the caffeine it is possible that they were responsible for the change in heart rate observed, rather than the caffeine, as the changes were rather small anyway. If the experiment were to be repeated this could be controlled by careful monitoring of temperature and ensuring that this remained constant throughout the experiment, a variable that was no measured in this experiment. The fact that alcohol had to be used from an initially diluted form, and in a non pure ethanol formulation may have caused the results to be affected. Whilst calculations were made to find the overall concentration of ethanol into which the daphnia were placed, it is not certain whether this was correct. The alcohol could have contained other chemicals in addition to ethanol which could have affected the daphnia and their heart rate. The formulation of caffeine used was in the form of proplus tablets. These are also not caffeine in a pure format and would contain other padding chemicals such as sugar and talcum powder to make up the tablet. Sugar may well affect the heart rate of daphnia as it is a food stuff for them, and their heart rate may change whilst feeding, or following a substantial amount of food. Whilst daphnia reproduce asexually they are present in male and female forms. It was not possible to ascertain which gender was being counted on each occasion. It is the females which actually give birth to young. However pregnant females have a lower heartbeat than non pregnant females and males. Therefore if some of the daphnia that were being counted were actually pregnant females then this could have artificially lowered the heart rate result. Without studying each daphnia and ensuring that all were of the same gender and pregnant / not it is not possible to tell whether this factor adversity affected the results. Whilst the daphnia were held in place loosely on the microscope slide they were not fixed in place. Therefore it was not always possible to check that it was the same daphnia that was being used for the repetitions of counts for each of the drug treatments. It is therefore possible that the variation within each of the 3 counts was due to different daphnia being used, rather than a different heart rate at different times. It was not possible to ascertain how old each daphnia was which may have had an effect on heart rate as juveniles usually have a higher heart rate than older organisms. It was assumed that all daphnia obtained from the pond were actually of the common daphnia pulex species. However it is possible that there were a mix of different species within the sample collected. If an organism from a different species was used for each of the counts then this could also give rise to altered results. Evaluation The How Did Whatsapp Become Popular? How Did Whatsapp Become Popular? How did WhatsApp overpower other chatting apps? A research on what reasons made WhatsApp the number 1 chatting app in the past 5 years. Abstract In this research, 15 random chat apps users who are from different ages, genders, countries, and educational status filled a survey about their usage and experience of chatting apps.   The analysis of the survey showed that 85.7 percent of chatting apps users are addicted to them as they use them for more than three hours per day. most of them prefer Whatsapp for different reasons. 57.1 percent of the users said that privacy is number one priority for them. They look for a chatting app by which they can remain anonymous and their personal information are safe. Another fifty percent of the users said that they prefer WhatsApp because it is easy to use. A friendy user interface make chatting simpler and easier. A chatting app is made to make peoples life easier so it must be, it self, simple. Only 42.9 percent of users care about the security of the chatting app they use. They look for a chatting app that had no vulnerabilities that hackers can exploit to hack into their phones. Wort h to mention that there is no 100 percent secure app or system so no matter how the system platform is protected and well built, still there is a way or another to hack into it. The last reason for choosing Whatsapp is that it is popular and most people use it. 35.8 percent of users said that no matter how good it is, a messaging app is nothing without plenty of users. They want a chatting app in which they can find their friends and communicate with them. Introduction We are in a time in which chatting apps and social media became of the needs of our daily life. Whether they agree or not, people depend on chatting apps so much on their life to the extent that they can not live without. They use them in all aspects of life eg. get in touch with their friends and relatives, to discuss matters of business, and to explain a lesson to a classmate. Beside the instant messaging, the group chats that people create with friends and colleagues help them to share their ideas, information, point of views, and feelings with each other.   The trend of instant messaging apps lead to the establishment of many chatting apps until it turned into a business in which many counterparts challenge each other to create an application that can attract the majority of users by offering them the features that they look for. One of these chatting applications is WhatsApp. It was established in 2009 by Brian Acton and Jan Koum with the slogan â€Å"Simple. Personal. Real time messaging.† The new app came with plenty of features like as the ability to make group chats, set broadcast contacts and send unlimited images, video and audio messages. Beside being full of features, easy to use, and a pioneer in its category, it helped people to save money by using it instead of the regular SMS messages (Short Message Service) so users do not have to pay extra fees for sending messages. Moreover, it helped make communication over barriers much easier and cheaper than it ever been. All of these features, and others, made WhatsApp the number one chatting app for the past 5 years. In this study, I will investigate how did WhatsApp become the number one chatting app in the world during the past 5 years, what people like on WhatsApp, and what circumstances lead to the failure of other chatting apps. I used a survey which is filled by 15 random people in different ages, genders, countries, and educational status to see what do they like on chatting apps, WhatsApp specifically,   what do they do not like, and what do they expect is the future of chatting applications. The survey is analyzed and its results and foundings are shown at the end of this research paper. Literature review Many studies are done about chatting apps, social media, Whatsapp. A study entitled â€Å"Smartphone application usage amongst students at a South African University†,done in the year 2012 by Walter U, Aadilah M, et.al assessed on the usage of smartphones and social media in between users in a South African University. The study showed that students remain online for 16 hours a day and spend about 5 hours per day on their smart phones interacting and communicating with other their friends, colleagues and relatives through social networking applications. This Application (WhatsApp) is highly addictive and can create a great impact on regular users, and apart from that it can leave a trace that becomes difficult to control and cure. Some of the most prominent technological innovations are smart phones, laptops and using the internet. They have greatly affected many aspects of our lives. Today the Internet continues to grow day by day at an incredible speed. About 32.7% of the world’s population has access to the internet. Howe, Yeboah J, Ewur G. (2014) The two researchers also said that the main purpose behind this application is to replace SMS with a crossplatform mobile messenger that works on an internet data plan. If you have unlimited text, it is still beneficial as it is a convenient way to avoid international fees that carriers may charge. Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman, (1995) define trust in chatting and social media as â€Å"the willingness of a party to be vulnerable to the actions of another party based on the expectation that the other will perform a particular action important to the trustor, irrespective of the ability to monitor or control that other party† (p. 712) Trust is also important for successful online interactions (Coppola, Hiltz, and Rotter, 2004, Jarvenpaa and Leidner, 1998, Meyerson, 1996, Piccoli and Ives, 2003). Trust is also a central component of social exchange theory (Roloff, 1981). â€Å"Millions of people have joined social networking sites, adding profiles that reveal personal information. The reputations of social networking sites has been diminished by a number of incidents publicized by the news media† (Chiaramonte and Martinez, 2006, Hass, 2006, Mintz, 2005, Read, 2006), This raise the question whether ot not it is â€Å"possible to join a network of millions of people and be able to trust all of them.† Of course this does not look plgican. WWe can not trust strangers. Howver people still join networks and reveal their very personal information. what role does trust play in the use of social networking sites? Case study This study is based on a survey in which the responders answer some questions about what attracts him or her to a chatting app, what features does he or she want, and what aspects does he keep in mined when he choose a chatting app eg.security, privacy, ease to use and popularity of the application. This survey is published in a twitter page. 15 random people were engaged in it. They are from different ages, genders, countries, and educational status. The variety of the responders should help getting more accurate results and foundings for the study. A copy of the survey is attached. Research and survey results   The published survey got 15 responses from which I derived these analysis and answer the question of the paper, how did whatsapp overpower other chatting apps and be number one chatting application during the recent five years? The responses showed that 85.7% of users use different chatting apps more than three hours per day which is considered as addiction. Only 14.3 use instant messaging apps for only 1-3 hours per day. This is a regular usage. And nobody from the responders use chatting apps less than an hour a day. These results indicate that people are obviously in addiction with chatting apps no matter what do they use them for. When the responders were asked about the chatting apps they use, the all put WhatsApp at the top of the list, twitter comes second and Black Berry third. The reasons they all chose WhatsApp is clarified in the following figure 57.1% of the responders said that privacy is number one priority. They want to be anonymous and their personal information must be hidden to the eye’s of strangers. They ask for privacy options they can enable or disable by their choice. Since WhatsApp offer these options, it is their choice. However, children and even parents are rarely aware of the potential risks of information disclosure through mobile devices. Personal information, such as real-time locations, photos, and calendar, can be easily leaked via using mobile applications from mobile devices. (Chen Y et.al) They also claim that users’ personal information has been aggressively collected by different parities from mobile devices. 50 percent of the responders said that they prefer WhatsApp because it is easy to use. A friendy user interface make chatting simpler and easier. A chatting app is made to make peoples life easier so it must be, it self, simple. Security comes in rank 3 of the most important feature in a chatting application. 42.9% of people voted that whatsapp is secure enough to protect them against hackers’ attacks. Worth to mention that whatsapp was not encrypted, and though secure,   until April 2016 (Whatsapp.com). 35.8% said that the popularity of chatting app is the fourth most important feature. No matter how good it is, a messaging app is nothing without plenty of users. Keep in mind that because of the different protocols of chatting apps it is not possible to send a message from a certain app to another. A message must be sent and received by the same app. So 35.8 percent of people Conclusion Chatting apps and social media became parts of modern daily life. Nearly 85.7 percent of people are addicted to use their phones and chat more than 4 hours a day. People tend to look for a chatting app that respect their privacy and give them the choice to choose to what extent they are exposed to others. Security is also another important feature people look for. Ease to use and the popularity of chatting apps can make difference on peoples choices. A simple and popular chatting app is always listed as a good choice to use since it will allow the user to chat easily with a huge number of people. References Yeboah J, Ewur G. The Impact of whatsApp Messenger Usage on Student’s Performance in Tertiary Institutions in Ghana. In journal of Education and Practice. Vol.5 2014.Hindocha, N. Instant Insecurity: Security Issues of Instant Messaging. http://www.luisdelgado.es/seguridad/crypt4you/curso_comunicaciones_digitales/documentacion/im_security_issues.pdf . Accessed on 10]11\2016Chen, Y. Zhu, S. Zhou, Y. Xu, H. Protecting Children’s Personal Information: Using Contextual Integrity Theory to Examine Information Boundary on Mobile Devices. http://cs-sys-1.uis.georgetown.edu/~sz303/PIR2015/pir_submission/pir2015_submission_6.pdf. Accessed on 2016\11\10.Dwyer, C. Hiltaz, S. Passerini, K. Trust and Privacy Concern within Social Networking Sites: A Comparison of Facebook and MySpace. http://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1849context=amcis2007 Accessed on 10\11\2016Schrittwieser, S. Fruhwirt, P. et. al. Guess Who’s Texting You? Evaluating the Security of Smartphone Messaging Applications. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.681.9726rep=rep1type=pdf Accessed on 14\11\2016Jisha K, Jebakumar, Whatsapp: A Trend Setter in Mobile Communication among Chennai Youth. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 19, Issue 9, Ver. VII (Sep. 2014), PP 01-06Smartphone Application Usage Amongst Students at a South African University, Walter UYS 1 , Aadilah MIA, Gary Jeffrey JANSEN, Haythem VAN DER SCHYFF, Michael Andre JOSIAS, Michelle KHUSU, Muzaffer GIERDIEN, Natacha Andrea LEUKES, Sulungeka FALTEIN, Tejas GIHWALA, Tracey-Lee THEUNISSEN, Yaseen SAMSODIEN. IST-Africa 2012 Conference Proceedings. Paul Cunningham and Miriam Cunningham (Eds) IIMC International Information Management Corporation , 2012Mayer, R. C., J. H. Davis, and F. D. Schoorman (1995) â€Å"An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust,† The Academy of Management Review (20) 3, pp. 709-734.Coppola, N., S. R. Hiltz, and N. Rotter (2004) â€Å"Building Trust in Virtual Teams,† IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication (47) 2, pp. 95-104.Roloff, M. E. (1981) Interpersonal communication: The social exchange approach. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

The Ethics of Terrorism: Employing Just War Principles Essay -- Terror

The Just War tradition has been seen as a leading perspective on the ethics of war since the writings of St Augustine were rearticulated by Thomas Aquinas. It attempts to provide a framework which validates just conflicts, whilst at the same time applying limits so as to prevent unrestrained warfare. Today, its core principles can be divided into two broad categories: ‘jus ad bellum’ (just resort to war) and ‘jus in bello’ (just conduct in war). For a war to be just, numerous criteria must be satisfied within these categories. In recent decades non-state terrorism has become increasingly high-profile; indeed, in the twenty first century it has dominated the global political agenda. It is pertinent therefore, to question whether terrorism can be ethically assessed using the Just War tradition.In this essay, I will argue that it is possible to ethically evaluate terrorism by employing Just War principles. I will show that terrorists can satisfy the most important criterion of the Just War tradition. Firstly, they can represent a ‘legitimate authority’ and can have a ‘just cause’. Secondly, terrorism can be a ‘last resort’ and offers a ‘reasonable prospect of success’. Finally, whilst many terrorists do adhere to the principle of ‘discrimination’, the notion of ‘non-combatant immunity’ and civilian innocence is over-simplified. Furthermore, terrorists may perceive themselves to be in a ‘supreme emergency’, therefore mea ning the rules of war cease to exist. Terrorism can satisfy the principle of proportionality. However, before I begin my argument, I must establish a working definition for ‘terrorism’; an important and controversial issue in itself. Walzer describes it as ‘like rape and murder†¦ an attack upon the innocent’ (2005... ...Family Research Council, Accessed Online: 07/11/2010 Roberts, Adams, (1989), ‘Ethics, Terrorism and Counter Terrorism’, Terrorism and Political Violence 1 (1), pp. 48-70 Schmidt Alex P, and Jongman Albert I, (1998) ‘Political Terrorism’ (Amsterdam, Transaction Books) Smilanski, Saul, (2004), ‘Terrorism, Justification and Illusion’, Ethics, 114, July pp. 790-805 Valls, Andrew, (2000), ‘Can Terrorism Be Justified’, In Andre Valls (ed.), Ethics in International Affairs, pp. 65-80 Walzer, Michael, (1992), ‘Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations’, (New York: Basic Books) Walzer, Michael, (2005), ‘Arguing About War’, (Yale Nota Bene) Wilkins, Burleigh Taylor, (1992), ‘Terrorism and collective responsibility’, (New York : Routledge) US State Department, (2005), ‘Country Reports on Terrorism’, Accessed online: 15/11/2010 The Ethics of Terrorism: Employing Just War Principles Essay -- Terror The Just War tradition has been seen as a leading perspective on the ethics of war since the writings of St Augustine were rearticulated by Thomas Aquinas. It attempts to provide a framework which validates just conflicts, whilst at the same time applying limits so as to prevent unrestrained warfare. Today, its core principles can be divided into two broad categories: ‘jus ad bellum’ (just resort to war) and ‘jus in bello’ (just conduct in war). For a war to be just, numerous criteria must be satisfied within these categories. In recent decades non-state terrorism has become increasingly high-profile; indeed, in the twenty first century it has dominated the global political agenda. It is pertinent therefore, to question whether terrorism can be ethically assessed using the Just War tradition.In this essay, I will argue that it is possible to ethically evaluate terrorism by employing Just War principles. I will show that terrorists can satisfy the most important criterion of the Just War tradition. Firstly, they can represent a ‘legitimate authority’ and can have a ‘just cause’. Secondly, terrorism can be a ‘last resort’ and offers a ‘reasonable prospect of success’. Finally, whilst many terrorists do adhere to the principle of ‘discrimination’, the notion of ‘non-combatant immunity’ and civilian innocence is over-simplified. Furthermore, terrorists may perceive themselves to be in a ‘supreme emergency’, therefore mea ning the rules of war cease to exist. Terrorism can satisfy the principle of proportionality. However, before I begin my argument, I must establish a working definition for ‘terrorism’; an important and controversial issue in itself. Walzer describes it as ‘like rape and murder†¦ an attack upon the innocent’ (2005... ...Family Research Council, Accessed Online: 07/11/2010 Roberts, Adams, (1989), ‘Ethics, Terrorism and Counter Terrorism’, Terrorism and Political Violence 1 (1), pp. 48-70 Schmidt Alex P, and Jongman Albert I, (1998) ‘Political Terrorism’ (Amsterdam, Transaction Books) Smilanski, Saul, (2004), ‘Terrorism, Justification and Illusion’, Ethics, 114, July pp. 790-805 Valls, Andrew, (2000), ‘Can Terrorism Be Justified’, In Andre Valls (ed.), Ethics in International Affairs, pp. 65-80 Walzer, Michael, (1992), ‘Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations’, (New York: Basic Books) Walzer, Michael, (2005), ‘Arguing About War’, (Yale Nota Bene) Wilkins, Burleigh Taylor, (1992), ‘Terrorism and collective responsibility’, (New York : Routledge) US State Department, (2005), ‘Country Reports on Terrorism’, Accessed online: 15/11/2010

Advocacy Campaign Essay

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to implement an advocacy campaign that will assist adults with disabilities with the necessary resources that will assist them in becoming productive citizens in the community. As children with disabilities, community- based support services are not available after he or she becomes an adult, consequently, there is no information provided to aid them with basic needs such as social empowerment, financial assistance, provision maintenance, and other agencies that will assist them and their families if needed. This paper will also discuss the goals, barriers, and support factors that will assist in this advocacy campaign, as well as the activities that will be implemented along with the necessary resources that are available for adults with disabilities. Introduction, Needs, and Goals A young child who is diagnosed with a disability, alter their familys lives forever. Dealing with the challenges from the disability, families had to rely upon strengths withi n themselves that they did not know existed. Community-based services for children with disabilities are available until the child reaches adulthood. After the child becomes an adult and wants to pursue a career, they have to pay for it themselves through financial aid or school loans that have to be repaid back once graduation is completed. Some people with a disability cannot drive therefore, it is difficult for them to get out and socialize so they remain confined to their homes without a support system. Advocating for people with disabilities will help them receive community resources as needed that will assist them with their advocacy needs. Disabled people face many challenges in society. There is a great need for advocacy when it comes to assisting these individuals with crises that affects their daily living. The purpose of this advocacy campaign is to educate disabled people and their families about the resources that are available to assist them with their basic advocacy needs. Knight and Oliver (2007) stressed that there is a demand for advocacy for children and young people with disabilities that have difficulty with m aking important decisions that will affect their lives. The basic needs that hinders individuals with disabilities live a  productive life in the community are (1) social empowerment (2) financial assistance for education, (3) provision maintenance, and (4) support systems. Empowerment is described as a person who cannot completely accomplish their goal and become a part of society and, if they are not able to have a say, and take control over their situations regarding their life (Miller, Hinterlong, Greene, 2010). People cannot completely accomplish their goal to be a part of society if they are not able to have a say and take control over their situations regarding their life. Houten and Jacobs (2005) stressed that empowerment cannot take place unless there is active participation in their community and society. However, active involvement of disabled people has not been clear in reality, it is difficult if we take a quick look at the living circumstances and the capability of disabled people. According to Voorhis and Hostetter (2006), social empowerment among social service professionals placed attention on the perception of empowerment among social service professionals, and their responsibility for client empowerment through advocacy. Financial as sistance for education to assist people with disabilities will help them further their education after undergraduate because financial aid is no longer available. Boone and King-Berry (2009) asserts that people with disabilities and their relatives have a serious need for information related in particular to their disability status. For example, they also mentioned that a financial incentive program that offer cash or other benefits should be created to increase more income, additional services, and or else an economic opportunity for individuals with disabilities. Providing financial assistance through community support will decrease the anxiety of them not being able to complete educational goals because lack of funds, and also stop them from applying for student loans that is repayable once they receive their degree. Provision maintenance is an ongoing service for individual with disabilities to help aid in housekeeping, laundry, and meal preparation on a regular basis when needed, not just when their impairment will not allow them to perform these daily functions, so they can continue to live independently. Provision maintenance will benef it them by providing them with a service that will complete those chores on the days they are not mobile because of pain. According to Moone and Lightfoot (2009), people with disabilities desire to live independently in the community and a need for  suitable services is needed that will support them with daily living. Support systems are essential to everyone, not just those with disabilities. However, individuals with disabilities depend on the aid of family, friends, and services within the community to assist them until they are totally dependent upon themselves. Support services for people with disabilities are vital to the achievement of students with disabilities (Tagayuna, Stodden, Chang, Zeleznik, Whelley, 2005). Professionals must also accept that they have a responsibility to work with and support the disabled persons family, because a person who places the family in danger, also places professionals in danger as well. Therefore, professionals must build relationships with families for personal growth and development by supporting people with disabilities. Van Haren and Fiedler (2008) convey that professionals must positive to make families not so dependent on their advice and services through a family empowerment plan. The goal of this advocacy campaign is to support individuals with disabilities by connecting them to community based services that will aid them in their pursuit to become a well-rounded individual, to collaborate with United Cerebral Palsy in assisting with this campaign for resources for people with disabilities. As Luecking and Wittenburg (2009) reveals, a system linkage is needed to provide services for people with disabilities whose service needs, and lack of contact to supports systems can cause difficulties in preparing for schooling, work, and independent living for people with disabilities. Barriers and Supports There are several potential barriers that may hinder this campaign applying resources to people with disabilities. They are (1) a need of financial assistance if people with disabilities want to pursue a career beyond undergraduate to relieve stress of not having enough funds to continue their education because the only funding that is available is student loans, whi ch will place this population in debt. Regardless of how much students and parents spend in the United States, such as credit cards, which shows lack of financing, over fifty percent of college students have accumulated over five thousand dollars in debt from a loan company like Sally Mae (Boone, King-Berry (2009). It is important to help these people with educational funding from community resource that will help them financially while continuing their education. Another potential barrier that may hinder this campaign of applying resources for disabled people is needs  for disable people to socialize within the community regardless of their handicap. It is difficult to socialize when a person is confined at home because of a disability. There should be a resource that provides people with disabilities to go and socialize with other people beside them that have a disability. According to Taub, McLorg and Bartnick (2009), there is a barrier called environmental, which get in the way of disabled women participating in soc ial activities because of the location of the activity. For example, a person in a wheelchair, there may not be enough space for it. The last potential barrier that may hinder this campaign of applying resources to disabled people is a need for the already existing community based services to work together and provide these clients with the necessary resources if needed. A person may believe that it would be simple for community-based services to work with a counselor to provide home health care for their disabled client on an ongoing temporary basis to assist him or her with personal and home care needs per their request. On the other hand, some community base services do not provide that type of home health care. Singer, Biegel, and Ethridge (2009) support this barrier by asserting that care giving is not needed for a few weeks or months during a loved ones acute illness, instead the need for assistance with daily living commonly last for years (p. 101). Even though there are several barriers that may hinder the advocacy campaign for helping disabled people, but there are various support factors that will assist with the efforts of this campaign such as non-profit organizations, home health care, state legislatures and elected representatives. Non-profit organizations. Home health care is needed for people with disabilities to assist them with pers onal care and household chores when their mobility has decreased due to the pain from the condition when it occurs, not always because they may not be in pain on a daily basis. Therefore, there should be organizations and federal and legislatures that work together to assist these people with their personal care needs like maxim health care (www.maximhealthcare.com), which is a non-profit organization that will collaborate with other organizations and federal, state, and local policies that will help aid in the advocacy effort for these people (Wehrwein, Pollack, 2005). Activities Problem Definition Since the problem definition has been described that will advocate change a proposed campaign will be developed (Rothstein, 2008). After that,  it is necessary to research of the resources for advocating for disabled people that have access to that will help in their campaign. A resource will include centers for people with disability and the people who need information on the necessary resources these advocacy needs. Next, developing the advocacy campaign for disabled people will include finding volunteers, creating the vision and mission statement, leadershi p team, fundraisers or sponsors that will provide monetary resources, and the results of the campaign. The volunteers will consist of skillful advocates who have years of experience that is elected and appointed leaders that will work for the cause of this campaign (Donaldson, 2008). For example, the president, the vice president, secretary, treasurer, and the Chaplin. The vision and mission statement will be created from the consumer education from the issues researched for this campaign for people with disabilities. The leadership team will consist community leaders that are strong, effective, and organizers (Keys, Factors, 2001). The leadership team will be committed and knowledgeable in the issues that people with disabilities encounter. The committee will also consist people who will locate sponsors or create fundraisers to provide funds for this campaign. The results of the campaign will be the resources that will enable people with disabilities to receive services to assist them with becoming active citizens within the community, finances for school, home health care that will assist them with personal care and household chores when need, and support system that will help them and their families become independent on making their own decisions. Strategic P lanning This process will be developed from social marketing strategies for reaching people with disabilities. Social marketing is characterized as marketing techniques that will be used to gear skillful people in the area of disabilities to promote change for action (Moone, Lightfoot, 2009). For example, the planning will be created through social marketing strategies to support individuals with disabilities by connecting them to the community- based services that will aid them in their pursuit to become active citizens in the community. When advocating for people with disabilities, this type of strategy will benefit because it will focus on what the disable person need, such as social empowerment and finances to further education rather than focusing on the disability (Moone, Lightfoot, 2009). The six marketing are (1) participants, which is the people that will  focus on the needs of the disabled people (2) partnering with other agencies that will work with disabled people, this technique is essential to the campaign (3) price, getting the federal, state, and legislators to act on behalf of the disabled people (4) promotion, is the materials that will be used to get the information in the community (5) product, advocating for people with disabilities to receive the n ecessary resources for their basic needs and (6) place, is where the campaign advocates will meet within the community to provide services (Moone, Lightfoot, 2009). Actions This stage of the advocacy campaign for people with disabilities who will make contact with the people that are in the public eye such as the city officials to support the advocacy efforts on behalf of disabled people, which Eriksen (1997) characterize as lobbying. Then that person or organization must review the information from research to decide whether lobbying will be suitable advocate that will take action through communicating the organizations needs to such as agencies that provide financial assistance, home health care providers, and support systems such as United Cerebral Palsy through letters, flyers, phone calls to officials to support laws on research for resources in aiding disabled people, support groups for disabled people, and networking are beneficial to advocating for people with disabilities. This process will provide positive point of views on advocacy and support advocates that will act on behalf of disabled people (Toporek, Lewis, Crethar, 2009). Evaluations Evaluation of the advocacy campaign is vital in any organization to ensure that there are no problems that are not identified such as environmental problems, financial problems, attitudinal problems, and problems with the group that might affect the completion of the advocacy campaign (Torres, Preskill, 2001). To ensure that the evaluation of the advocacy campaign is successful in advocating on behalf of the client, the advocate leader will utilize SPIES, which is categorized as strategic planning, implementation, evaluating, and streamlining (www.courseroom2.capella.edu). Once the mission and the rationale has been established, the advocacy committee must strategize a plan along with the disabled clients to implement the goals that is aim to aid people with disabilities connect to community resources to assist in their advocacy efforts. The disabled person will have to make a decision to become a self-advocate to assist the counselor in fighting for resources to aid them  with funds for education, home health aide, and a support system that will help him or her become active people in the community. After the plan have been developed, then the implementation of the activity can be set up by allowing the client to speak at a workshop on his or her behalf about funding for education, and then evaluate by doing follow-up on him or her to see if the plan is being completed. Finally, the counselor would streamline by providing disabled people with support groups for disabled people who are having a difficult time receiving resources that will help them w ith their advocacy efforts to observe other in similar situations and help them make a decision to continue to plead for their own cause. The advocacy meetings will take place in the local library on every Wednesday of the month. There will be approximately three new volunteer members will be assigned per month as needed for campaign. Each member will be assigned four disabled clients and their family members and provide information as to whether they already receive community-based services. Counselor Roles in the Advocacy Campaign The counselor that will be advocating in the campaign for disabled people is trained in professional counseling so he or she can intervene with these clients individually or in a group in order to understand the clients disability as well as the advocacy efforts (Kiselica , Robinson, 2001). He or she will beware of their own values, skills, and personalities that are vital to advocacy, which will consist of relationship building and communications skills to effective plead the advocacy efforts to the community clearly so he or she can be heard. He or she is a good listener, seek questions to understand the needs of the client, they will portray good character and integrity that is trustworthy as well as have the ability to think normally so they can plan the best strategy for this disabled people (Eriksen, 1997). He or she will show commitment and appreciation for their clients (Kiselica, Robinson, 2001). For example, the advocate counselor wi ll ensure that the disabled client know that they understand and feel what they are experiencing and will do everything to assist them in receiving the necessary resources that will enable them to become sociable in the community, funds to continue their education, aid with household chores, and support systems that will support their needs. The advocate must be knowledgeable in communications skills such as verbal and nonverbal and realize what the client is saying and not saying. He or she should also be  able to speak with any organization that will aid in helping the disabled clients live productively by utilizing their skills in the areas of being able to discuss complicated problems with the clients such as not being able to provide home health care because of the severity of the condition, using the computer to obtain research on disability as it relates to the advocacy campaign, must be able to communicate the advocacy efforts through television or radio (Kiselica and Robinson (2001). These skills are necessary for advocacy work. The counselor has developed many relationships throughout his or her field of counseling. He or she is involved in professional organizations, assisted other organizations that are already involved in activities that already in existence in the community, and no doubt has been involved in legislation in some way. In other words, the counselor is the best advocate for advocating for this disabled people because he or she already possesses the skills that will make this grass root campaign into a reality. However, with any advocacy campaign there are ethical issues that may arise while planning a strategy. In planning for this campaign, the counselor did not consider that there may be some barriers that may hinder the personal growth and development of the disabled client while working on this campaign (Greenleaf, Williams 2009). The ethical dilemmas that may arise in advocating for disabled people to receive community resources such as being mindful of the power relationship between the counselor and the client, by not letting the client gain control over the interview by speaking on behalf of himself or herself (Knight, Oliver, 2007). For example, not gaining information about the clients disability before the interview, learn their behaviors because there may be some type of concern that they may not be able to complete the interview and counselor-client relationship by overstepping his or her by getting overly involved with the clients problems. Kiselica and Robinson (2001) assert that professionals must describe the boundaries of their relationships with clients even if they take on a more involved role than they are responsible for. For example, a counselor that is disabled may become to involved with the clients situation and make all the decisions the planning stage because they have experienced similar advocacy efforts of the client regardless of what cultural background the disabled client are from, the counselor must let the disabled client become a productive citizens by letting him or her  make their own decision for improving change through community based services. Resources There will be a list of local and systematic resources that will be used in collaboration with the advocacy campaign for disabled people to provide community based services that will assist them in locating social activities within the community to become active, funding for college to continue their education, agencies to assist them with provision maintenance, and support system that will help them and their family to become independent and work on their own behalf. (See Appendix). Recommendations There are several ideas to bear in mind prior to engaging in advocacy that involves learning definitions to the problem that has not been defined, examine the source power, observe and locate the federal and state officials that will make the decision concerning the laws on issues associated with the disability, and understand the completion and expansion of the actions concerning disabled people (Tappe, Galer, Radius, 2009). The advocate counselor must choose a strategic plan that will r e-evaluate the actions communicating the organizations needs and sporadically see if more funding is needed by researching more literature and seeking consultation from other agencies who have successfully advocated for disabled people. When engaging in grass root campaigns, there are many issues to consider such as problems that may arise both inside and outside of the organization, how the definition of the problem is going to become a sticky factor with the public, such as the media and radio, home health agencies, such as Maxim, and community based agencies, such as United Cerebral Palsy, and financial institutions, as well as the counselors profession (Gladwell, 2002). Another issue to consider is a possible setback to utilizing the social marketing strategies, such as flyers and letters, for reaching an organization and agency desired spokesperson in that it may be more successful, and might reach more disabled people than it is capable of serving (Moone, Lightfoot, 2009). Conclusion People with disabilities cause families lives to be changed dramatically because of the obstacles that are challenged on behalf of the disability where families had to depend upon their self-determination that they did not believe they had. Community based services have been available for children for a long time, but adults have no community based services that will assist them and their families if needed. An advocacy campaign for people with disabilities will enable them  to receive community resources as needed to help them with their basic needs. There is a demand for advocacy for assisting people with situations that affects their daily routine (Knight, Oliver, 2007). The rationale for this advocacy campaign is to educate disabled people and their families about the resources that are available to assist them with their advocacy needs such as social empowerment, financial empowerment, provision maintenance, and a support system.